Chapter Four attempts to bring up solutions to deal with the problems showed in Chapter Three. These solutions not only act directly and instantly to cope with the problems, but also provide useful suggestions in different aspects for new learners. The author talks about what kind of ability an interpreter should foster to improve the professional and comprehensive skills.

1  Improving Source Language Comprehension Level

 Source  language  comprehension  is  the  first  step  in  interpreting process. Reflected in the simulation, the interpreter encounters some obstacles in this very first step. To fully comprehend the information generating from source language is also the first step to final success in interpreting. So the author considers it an important solution to improve source language comprehension level.

1.1  Building Pluralism in Background Knowledge

 Besides linguistic knowledge and interpreting skills, the interpreter also has to equip himself with non-linguistic knowledge which in this context mainly refers to background knowledge related to American Civil War. Interpreting is not merely a matter of speaking and understanding two languages. Therefore, it is a required course for an interpreter to build pluralism in background knowledge. Sufficient background knowledge empowers interpreter to better comprehend information, thus contributing to interpreting task.

 In this simulation practice, the interpreter builds and accumulates background knowledge through different channels. First, website. The author uses the official website of History Department of Loyola to collect information about the two speakers. Through the profiles showed on the website, the author gets to know their education background, research areas they are working on, courses they are teaching, articles and book they once published and speeches they once gave. Second, libraries. The author borrows books co-written by the speakers and collects materials about American Civil War from Loyola library on campus. Then he about Chicago history through Chicago Public Library. Third, gathers information native speakers. The author interviews several native speakers on the topic of American Civil War. Their views on this topic offer the author a unique perspective on one of the most significant events in American history and help the author to understand this historical event better.

 1.2  Making Full Use of Resources at Hand

 Although high speed of the speaker's oral English poses a challenge on input comprehension, the interpreter can mobilize resources at hand to get prepared for the process of comprehension in advance. In this case, the key factor is the book Civil Way Chicago: Eyewitness to Histo}yco-authored by the two speakers. Actually, the speech is originated from the book. The interpreter has read the book during the preparation period and has taken notes on the important parts in the book. So he has a basic impression on the significant historical moments, names, places and events, like "General Augustine", "Rosemont Cemetery", "Shiloh Battle" and "Mary Livermore". Therefore, by looking up to notes properly, the interpreter can still think of this information even though the speakers talk very fast about this kind of information. In a sense, making full use of resources that are available can help greatly to fulfill interpreting task smoothly.

1.3  Practicing Ability of Analytical Listening

 Analytical listening is a fundamental ability to an interpreter, which requires active and constant practice. It enables an interpreter to catch the key information quickly and comprehend effectively in the input process, as well as ensures the good quality and high effectiveness of information input.

 The author summarizes three principles to practice analytical listening. First, in the daily life, it is highly important to pay attention to everything happened around by using active listening. This is a basic way to absorb and digest all kind of information through listening. Second, it is essential to listen intensively and extensively. Itprovides a way for an interpreter to accumulate resources. Third, it is significant to think back from time to time. The author holds the idea that reflective thinking can bring in new information. In short, practicing ability of analytical listening is a comprehensive task, requiring coordination of listening and analysis.

 2  Enhancing Quality of Target Language Expression

 As showed in Chapter Three, the author has some disadvantages in target language expression, which impair the quality of information output. Therefore, to enhance the quality of target language expression becomes urgent and necessary for the interpreter to fulfill his interpreting task.

 2.1  Applying Paraphrase

 Paraphrase is a common and useful method in interpretation, opposite to literal interpretation. It helps to express meaning of statement in different words to make it easier to understand and natural to target language audience. Sometimes paraphrase is a better choice to express ideas in source language. When the information from source language is hard for audience to understand, an interpreter can redefine essential information and ideas expressed by the speaker.

 During interpreting, the interpreter has to determine whether paraphrase should be applied in a limited time. So this process can be described as two steps. First, once the interpreter hears the speaker, he should rethink the original speaking until understanding its full meaning. Second, the interpreter has to set original meaning aside and deliver paraphrase on site. The examples in Chapter Three clearly indicate that paraphrase makes interpretation more understandable and reasonable to audience. Like "rare book" is paraphrased as“珍藏本书籍”to make the interpretation more accurate in Chinese. Similarly, "typical" and "proximity" are paraphrased as“显而易 见的，' and近繁荣的大城市”to make the interpretation understandable.

2.2  Adding Explanatory Interpretation

 Adding explanatory interpretation is necessary when the information is not clear enough to audience. This solution is not only to help audience understand better, butalso to make interpretation smooth and reasonable. In the speech, some information is underlying or relevant, not so clear or direct to audience. Usually, the interpreter should be capable of identifying whether an explanation is essential to complete interpretation, instead of causing any redundant interpretation. Like the examples displayed in Chapter Three, the interpreter adds explanatory interpretation on "the south" and "Goose Island" to explain why people were trying to get away from the south and what and where the Goose Island was. The explanatory interpretation helps the audience to build logics to comprehend underlying meaning.

 In short, adding explanatory interpretation is an effective solution to complement information for better target language expression.

2.3  Improving Mandarin Pronunciation

 This solution is very personal to the interpreter himself. However, it also can be regarded as a piece of useful advice for all the interpreting learners who have the same problem of accent in Mandarin. The interpreter has difficulties in pronouncing /U and /n/ correctly. An effective way to deal with this problem is to practice the pronunciation by comparison. For example, the interpreter can pronounce“榴莲”and “牛奶”alternately, similarly“拉”and“娜”，“努力”and "鲁尼”. As for being standard in Mandarin, shadowing exercise is a good to practice Mandarin pronunciation. For example, the interpreter can listen to and imitate standard Mandarin by watching CCTV news. The first step is to hear the difference between the pronunciation of /U and /n/. Then the second step is to gradually correct wrong pronunciation by imitation and practice.